Ð챯ºè

À´×Ô£ºÍøÂç     Ê±¼ä£º2012-07-02

 

Ð챯ºè 

¸öÈ˼òÀú£º

    Ð챯ºè£¨1895Äê-1953Ä꣩£¬ÎÒ¹úÒÕÊõ¾Þ½³£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÊǽܳöµÄÃÀÊõ½ÌÓý¼Ò¡£ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼ÍÉÏ°ëÒ¶ÖйúÒÕÊõ½øÈëÏÖ´ú֮ʱ£¬Ð챯ºèÎÞÒÉÊÇÒÕÊõ½ç¾Ù×ãÇáÖصÄÈËÎΪÁËŤתÖйú»­³­Ï®¡¢Ä£·Â¡¢È±·¦Éú»îÆøÏ¢µÄήÃÒÍÇ·ç¶ø´óÉù¼²ºô£¬Ëûѧ¹áÖÐÎ÷£¬½«Î÷·½¾«Õ¿µÄдʵ¼¼ÇÉÈڻ㵽Öйú»æ»­Ö®ÖУ¬Îª´«Í³ÒÕÊõµÄ¸ïÐÂÓë·¢Õ¹¿ªÍØÁËеĹãÀ«ÌìµØ¡£ÓÉÓÚËûÔڻ滭ÀíÂÛºÍʵ¼ùÉϵÄ׿Խ³É¾ÍÒÔ¼°ËûÔÚÃÀÊõ½ÌÓý·½ÃæËù×öµÄ¾Þ´ó¹±Ï×£¬Ëû±»¹ú¼ÊÆÀÂÛÓþΪ¡°Öйú½ü´ú»æ»­Ö®¸¸¡±¡£

    1895Ä꣬Ð챯ºè³öÉúÔÚÒÔ¡°Ê¢²ú¡±ÎÄÈË¡¢²Å×ÓÖø³ÆµÄ½­ËÕÊ¡ÒËÐËÏØá¨Í¤ÇÅÕò¡£Æ丸Ðì´ïÕÂÊǵ±µØÖªÃû»­¼Ò£¬Ëû¾«Í¨Ê«ÎÄ¡¢Êé·¨¡¢×­¿Ì£¬ÓÈÉû滭¡£Ð챯ºè×ÔÓ×Ë游ϰʫ¡¢Êé¡¢»­¡¢Ó¡£¬´òÏÂÁËÉîºñµÄ´«Í³ÎÄ»¯»ù´¡¡£17ËêµÄÐ챯ºèÒÑÊÇÒËÐËÖªÃûµÄ»­¼Ò£¬ÔÚÒËÐËÅ®×Óʦ·¶Ñ§Ð£¡¢Åí³ÇÖÐѧ¡¢Ê¼ÆëСѧÈýУÈÎͼ»­½Ìʦ¡£

    1916Ä꣬Ð챯ºèÈëÉϺ£Õ𵩴óѧ·¨ÎÄϵ°ë¹¤°ë¶Á£¬¿ÎÓà¿àÐÞËØÃè¡£ÊîÆÚӦƸµ½Ã÷ÖÇ´óѧ×÷»­£¬½áʶÁËÖøÃûѧÕß¿µÓÐΪ¡¢Íõ¹úάµÈÈË¡£ÒîÄê5Ô£¬Ð챯ºèÄõ½ÁËÃ÷ÖÇ´óѧµÄÒ»±Ê¸å·Ñ,¸°ÈÕ±¾Ñ§Ï°ÃÀÊõ£¬Äêµ×»Ø¹ú¡£ÕâÄê12Ô£¬Ð챯ºè±±ÉÏ£¬±»±±¾©´óѧƸΪ»­·¨Ñо¿»áµ¼Ê¦£¬ÊÜÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯Ó°Ïì,½ÓÊÜÃñÖ÷Óë¿Æѧ˼Ï룬³ÉΪÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯ÔÚÃÀÊõ·½ÃæµÄÖ÷Òª´ú±íÖ®Ò»¡£µ±Ê±Ëû¾ÍÃ÷È·Ìá³ö¡°¹Å·¨Ö®¼ÑÕßÊØÖ®£¬´¹¾øÕß¼ÌÖ®£¬²»¼ÑÕ߸ÄÖ®£¬Î´×ãÕßÔöÖ®£¬Î÷·½»­Ö®¿É²ÉÈëÕßÈÚÖ®¡±¡£

    1919Äê3Ô£¬Ð챯ºè»³×ÅÏòÎ÷·½Ñ§Ï°¿ÆѧºÍÃñÖ÷¡¢ÒÔ¸´ÐËÖйúÃÀÊõΪ¼ºÈεľöÐÄ£¬´ÓÉϺ£³Ë´¬¸°·¨¹úÁôѧ¡£Ð챯ºèµ½´ï°ÍÀ裬Ëæºó¿¼Èë¹úÁ¢°ÍÀè¸ßµÈÃÀÊõѧУ£¬ÒÔ¸¥À­ÃÏ¡¢¸ß¶ûÃÉΪʦ¡£1920Ä궬£¬¾­·¨¹ú´óµñËܼÒÌÆÆÃÌؽéÉÜ£¬Ð챯ºè°ÝC¡¤¿ÂÂÞµÄѧÉú¡¢·¨¹ú¹ú¼Ò»­»áÁìÐä´ïÑöΪʦ¡£1921ÄêÏÄ£¬¸°µÂ¹ú·ÃÎÊ°ØÁÖÃÀÊõѧԺ£¬²¢ÏȺóÈ¥Ó¢¹ú¡¢±ÈÀûʱ¡¢ÈðÊ¿¡¢Òâ´óÀûµÈ¹ú,²Î¹Û¸÷´ó²©Îï¹Ý¡¢ÃÀÊõ¹ÝºÍÃÀÊõÒÅÖ·£¬Ï¤ÐĹÛĦºÍÑо¿Àú´úÒÕÊõ½Ü×÷,²¢ÁÙÄ¡E.µÂÀ­¿ËÂåÍß¡¢P.-P.ÆÕÂÀ¶«¡¢ÂײªÀʵȴóʦµÄ×÷Æ·¡£Àú¾­8Äê¿à¶Á£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÔÅ·ÖÞÒÕÊõÈç¼¢ËƿʵÄ˱Îü£¬È¡µÃÁË׿ԽµÄÒÕÊõÔìÒè¡£

    1927Äê´º¹é¹úºó£¬Ð챯ºè·ÜÁ¦Í¶ÉíÃÀÊõ´´×÷ºÍÃÀÊõ½ÌÓý¹¤×÷µ±ÖУ¬ÊÜÌﺺ֮Ñû£¬³öÈÎÉϺ£ÄϹúÒÕÊõѧԺÃÀÊõϵÖ÷ÈΣ¬Í¬Ê±ÊÜƸΪÖÐÑë´óѧÒÕÊõϵ½ÌÊÚ£¬ÔÚ½ÌѧÓë´´×÷ÖУ¬ÌᳫдʵÖ÷Ò壬Åê»÷ÐÎʽÖ÷Òå¡£1929Äê9Ô£¬ÓɲÌÔªÅàÍƼö£¬ÊÜƸµ£Èα±¾©´óѧÒÕÊõѧԺԺ³¤£¬ÌᳫÖйú»­µÄ¸ïУ¬·´¶Ô±£ÊØÖ÷Ò壬ÔøÇ××԰ݷò¢Æ¸Çë»­¼ÒÆë°×ʯ³öÈθÃÔº½ÌÊÚ¡£1930ÄêÍê³ÉÓÍ»­¡¶ÌïºáÎå°ÙÊ¿¡·£¬ÒîÄêÍê³ÉÖйú»­¡¶¾Å·½¸Þ¡·£¬1933ÄêÍê³ÉÓÍ»­¡¶?ÐÎÒºó¡·£¬¿ªÖйúÀúÊ·»­Ò»´úз硣

    Xu Beihong (1895-1953) is a master of arts and an outstanding educator of fine arts in China. At the first half of the 20th century when China¡¯s arts entered into its modern stage, Xu Beihong was undoubtedly a great figure in the arts field. To change the situation of plagiarization and imitation, and listless style for lack of life experience in Chinese painting then, he was the first to integrate the exquisite realistic practice of western paintings to Chinese paintings, following good command of both of them, exploring a new and wide horizon for the revolution and development of traditional arts. Thanks to his outstanding achievements in the theory and practice of paintings, and huge contribution in the education of fine arts, he was once honored ¡°Father of Paintings in Contemporary China¡± by the international community.

    In 1895, Xu Beihong was born at Qitingqiao Township, Yixing County, Jiangsu Province famous for its large productivity of literary figures and gifted scholars. His father Xu Dazhang was a well-known local artist and good at poems, calligraphy, seal cutting and especially painting. Since his childhood, Xu Beihong followed his father to study poems, calligraphy, painting, and seal cutting, which laid a solid foundation of traditional culture. At the age of 17, Xu Beihong had been a well-known artist in Yixing, and delivered courses of drawing at Yixing Girls Teachers¡¯ School, Pengcheng Middle School and Shiqi Primary School.

    In 1916, Xu Beihong was engaged in a work-study program in the Department of French of Shanghai Zhendan University and worked hard on sketch in his spare time. In the summer vacations, he was employed by Mingzhi University to make paintings when he got to know Kang Youwei, Wang Guowei and other well-known scholars. On May the next year, Xu Beihong got his remuneration from Mingzhi University and went to Japan to study fine arts, and returned back at the end of the same year, when on December, he moved northward and was engaged by Peking University as a tutor of arts institute. Later, influenced by the New Culture Movement, he accepted the ideals of democracy and science, and became one of the main representatives of fine arts in the movement. At that time, he explicitly proposed to ¡°maintain those good practices in ancient Chinese paintings, inherit those valuable practices, revise those bad practices, perfect those deficient practices and integrate those available practices in western paintings.¡±

    On Mar 1919, Xu Beihong boarded a ship from Shanghai to France with a determination in his mind to study science and democracy of the west, and reinvigorate China¡¯s fine arts. Following his arrival at Paris, Xu Beihong was enrolled by National Paris Fine Arts College and followed Flameng and Golmeng. In the winter of 1920, with the recommendation of Don Porter, a great sculptor of France, Xu Beihong became a student of Dagnan, who was a student of C¡¤ Corot, and a leader of France National Institute of Paintings. In the summer of 1921, he moved to Germany to visit Berlin Academy of Fine Arts, and then looked around various major museums, art galleries and fine arts relics of the United Kingdom, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and other countries, meticulously viewing and researching great arts works in the past and emulating works of such masters as E. Delacroix, P.-P. Prud¡¯hon and Rembrandt. Following hard work and eager absorption on European arts for eight years, he finally made outstanding attainments in arts.

    In the spring of 1927, Xu Beihong returned back motherland and tried to be involved in fine arts innovation and education. Soon, he acted as the Dean of the Department of Fine arts of Shanghai Nanguo Fine Arts College at the invitation of Tian Han, and was employed as a professor with the Department of Arts of Central University. In his teaching and innovation, he promoted realism and criticized formalism. On September 1929, recommended by Cai Yuanpei, he acted as the Dean of Arts College of Peking University, and promoted innovations on traditional Chinese painting, and opposed conservatism. He once paid a visit to artist Qi Baishi in person and invited him to act as a professor with the college. In 1930, he accomplished his oil painting work 500 Soldiers Crossing the Field, and Chinese painting Jiufanggao. In 1933, he accomplished his another oil painting work Waiting for Me, marking a new style in Chinese history paintings.

    Ð챯ºè ¸öÈËÄê±í£º 1983Äê ½¨ÓÚ±±¾©Ð½ֿڱ±´ó½Ö53ºÅµÄÐ챯ºè¼ÍÄî¹ÝйÝÂä³É£¬²¢³¤ÆÚ¶Ô¹úÄÚÍâ·Å£¬Êܵ½¹ÛÖÚµÄÈÈÁÒ»¶Ó­ºÍÔÞÉÍ¡£ 1954Äê Ð챯ºè¹Ê¾Ó±»±ÙΪÐ챯ºè¼ÍÄî¹Ý£¬Õ¹³öÓйØËûµÄÉúƽºÍÒÕÊõ»î¶¯µÄ×ÊÁÏÒÔ¼°¸÷¸öʱÆڵĴú±í×÷Æ·¡£Öܶ÷À´×ÜÀíÌⱯºè¹Ê¾ÓØҶ 1953Äê Ð챯ºè½¥ÄÜÆð´²Ðж¯£¬9ÔÂ23ÈÕµÚ¶þ½ìÈ«¹úÎÄÒÕ¹¤×÷Õß´ú±í´ó»á¿ªÄ»£¬Ëûµ£ÈÎÖ´ÐÐÖ÷ϯ£¬Ö÷³Ö»áÒ飬µ±Íí£¬ÄÔÒçѪ¸´·¢£¬²»ÐÒÓÚ9ÔÂ26ÈÕÊÅÊÀ£¬ÏíÄê58Ëê¡£

    ½¥ÄÜÆ𴲻£¬±ãµ½ÃÀԺΪ±ÏÒµ°àѧÉú½²¿ÎºÍÖ¸µ¼½ÌʦÓÍ»­ºÍËØÃè½øÐÞ°à¡£

    ×÷¡¶Ê×Ö®Õ°´¦¼´¹âÃ÷¡·ºÍ¡¶²ù¾¡Æéá«È˵Àƽ¡·±¼Âíͼ¡£

    9ÔÂ23ÈÕ£¬µ£ÈÎÈ«¹úÎÄÒÕ¹¤×÷Õß´ú±í´ó»áÖ´ÐÐÖ÷ϯ£¬ÄÔÒçѪ֢¸´·¢£¬ÓÚ9ÔÂ26ÈÕ 2ʱ52·ÖÊÅÊÀ£¬ÏíÄê58Ëê¡£Öܶ÷À´×ÜÀí¸°Ò½ÔºÏòËûµÄÒÅÌå¸æ±ð¡£

    Ó¦ÃÀԺʦʦµÄÒªÇó£¬Ð챯ºèµÄÒÅÌåÔÚÖÐÑëÃÀÊõѧԺ´óÀñÌÃÍ£·Å£¬ÈÃÀ´×Ôȫͬ¸÷µØµÄÎÄÒÕ½ç´ú±íºÍ¸÷½çÈËÊ¿1000È˽øÐе¿ÄȻºó£¬ÓÉËûÃÇ»¤ËÍ£¬°²ÔáÔڰ˱¦É½¸ïÃü¹«Ä¹¡£ 1952Äê ÎÔ²¡ÔÚ´²£¬µ«Ò»Ö±¹ØÐĹúÄÚÍâµÄÒÕÊõ»î¶¯ºÍÖÐÑëÃÀÊõѧԺµÄ½ÌѧÁË×÷£¬²¢¼Æ»®±àд¡¶°®Í¬Ö÷Òå½ÌÓý¹Òͼ¡·£¬Ä⽫Àú´úÕþÒªÒÕÊõÕäÆ·¼¯ÖбàÓ¡¡£ 1951Äê Ð챯ºè´ø²¡È¥É½¶«µ¼ãðÕûÒÊË®Àû¹¤³Ì¹¤µØÌåÑéÉú»î£¬»­ÁËÐí¶àÃñ¹¤Ð¤Ïñ¡£×¼±¸´´×÷¾Þ·ùÓÍ»­¡¶µ±´úÐÂÓÞ¹«¡·¡£ÔÚ¹¹Í¼Æڼ䣬ͻ»¼ÄÔÒçѪ£¬°ëÉí̱»¾;

    ¸°É½¶«µ¼ãðÕûÒÊË®Àû¹¤³Ì¹¤µØÌåÑéÉú»î£¬ÊÕ¼¯Ëزġ£×÷¡¶¹¤³ÌʦÕŽúÏñ¡·¡¢¡¶¼ÒÃñÈμ̶«Ïñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÀͶ¯Ä£·¶ÂÀ·¼±òÏñ¡·£¬×¼±¸´´×÷·´Ó³ÐÂʱ´úÈËÃñ¸ÄÌì»»µØ¾«ÉñµÄ¡¶µ±´úÓÞ¹«¡·£¬²»ÐÒÔÚ¹¹Í¼Ê±»¼ÄÔÒçѪ¡£ 1950Äê ×÷ÓÍ»­¡¶Û¢Ï²µÂÏñ¡·¡¢ËØÃ衶¹¶¸»ÈÙÏñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÈÖ¹ÚÐãÏñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÀÁÖÏñ¡·¡£Íê³É¡¶Â³Ñ¶ÓëöÄÇï°×¡·µÄËØÃè¸ã¡£·¢ÈËÔÞÑïÃñ¼äÒÕÊõ¼ÒµÄÎÄÕ¡¶¼ôÖ½ÒÕÊõ¼Ò³Â־ũÏÈÉú¡·¡£Îª¡¶Èβ®Äê»­¼¯¡·×«Ð´¡¶Èβ®ÄêÆÀ´«¡·¡£ 1949Äê 4Ô£¬Ð챯ºè×÷ΪÐÂÖйúµÄ´ú±íÇ°Íù²¼À­¸ñ³öϯµÚÒ»½ì±£ÎÀÊÀ½çºÍƽ´ó»á¡£Í¬Äê7Ô£¬ÔÚÖлªÈ«¹úÎÄѧÒÕÊõ¹¤×÷Õß´ú±í´ó»áÉϵ±Ñ¡ÎªÈ«¹úÎÄÁª³£ÎñίԱ¡¢ÖлªÈ«¹úÃÀÊõ¹¤×÷ÕßЭ»áÖ÷ϯ;

    9Ô£¬Ó¦Ñû³öϯÖйúÈËÃñÕþÖÎЭÉÌ»áÒ飬Ëæºó±»ÕþÎñÔºÈÎÃüΪÖÐÑëÃÀÊõѧԺԺ³¤×÷ΪÖйú´ú±í£¬³öϯÔÚ²¼À­¸ñ¾ÙÐеĵڽìÊÀ½ç±£ÎÀºÍƽ´ó»á;

    ±»ÈÎÃüΪÖÐÑëÎı¾Ñ§ÔºÔº³¤£¬µ±Ñ¡ÎªÈ«¹úÎı¾¹¤×÷ÕßЭ»áÖ÷ϯ¡£ÎªÐí¶à½Ü³öµÄѧÕߺÍÎÄѧÒÕÊõ¼Ò×÷ÁËËØÃèФÏñ£¬ÈçÌﺺ¡¢¶¡Áá¡¢ºéÉî¡¢ÕÅÞÉÈô¡¢Ö£Õñîì¡¢ôå²®ÔÞ¡¢µË³õÃñ¡¢ÂíÒú³õ¡¢ÏôÈý¡¢¸ê±£È¨µÈ¡£ 1947Äê Ó­»÷¸¯Ðà¡¢±£ÊØÊÆÁ¦£¬Îª²ûÃ÷ÒÕÊõÖ÷ÕŶøÏò¸÷±¨¼ÇÕß·¢±íÌâΪ¡¶Ð¹ú»­½¨Á¢Ö®²½Öè¡·µÄÊéÃæ̸»°¡£Ìᳫ×Ô½Óʦ·¨Ô컯£¬ÃèдÈËÃñÉú»î¡£ÔÚ½ÌѧÖй涨¸÷¿ÆѧÉú¶¼Ñ§Ï°Á½Ä꼫ÑϸñµÄËØÃ裬Ȼºóѧ10ÖÖ¶¯Îï¡¢10ÖÖ»¨»Ü¡¢10ÖÖôáë¡¢10ÖÖÊ÷ľÓë½çÃ棬ÒÔ´ïµ½¶ÔÈËÎï¡¢·ç¾°¡¢¶¯Îï¼°½¨Öþ²»¸ÐÊøÊÖ£¬¸ß¿ªÑ§Ð£ºóÄÜ×ÔÃÙ;¾¶·¢Õ¹¡£

    ÇǨÓÚ¶«ÊÜ»½Ö16ºÅ£¬Ãû֮Ϊ"¾²Â®"¼°"Êñ¿û»¨ÎÝ"¡£ÔÚÉϺ£¾ÙÐÐÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹¡£ 1946Äê 8Ôµ½±±Æ½,³öÈιúÁ¢±±Æ½ÒÕÊõר¿ÆѧУУ³¤£¬ËûƸÇëÁËÐí¶àÓÐÓ°Ïì¡¢ÓÐÄÜÁ¦µÄÓÅÐãÃÀÊõ¼Òµ½Ð£ÈνÌ;

    ´ÓÖØÇì¾­ÄϾ©¡¢ÉϺ£µ½´ï±±Æ½£¬¾ÍÈα±Æ½ÒÕרУ³¤¡£Æ¸ÇëÁËÒ»ÅúÓÐÓ°Ïì¡¢ÓÐÄÜÁ¦µÄÒÕÊõ¼Òµ½Ð£Èν̣¬½¨Á¢ÁËÍêÕûµÄ½ÌѧÌåϵ£¬²¢µ£Èα±Æ½ÃÀÊõ×÷¼ÒЭ»áÃûÓþ»á³¤£¬Íƶ¯ÏÖʵÖ÷ÒåÒÕÊõÔ˶¯¡£ 1945Äê ²¡½¥Óú£¬ÉíÌåÐéÈõ£¬µ«ÈÔΪÖÐÑëÈËѧÒÕÊõϵµÄѧÉúÉÏ¿Î;

    2ÔÂ,ÔÚ¹ùÄ­ÈôÆð²ÝµÄ¡¶Å㶼ÎÄ»¯½ç¶Ôʱ¾ÖµÄ½øÑÔ¡·ÉÏÇ©Ãû¡£ 1944Äê ÓнÜ×÷¡¶Ì캮´äÐ䱡¡·¡¢¡¶ÈÕĺµÍÐÞÖñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÔÂÉ«¡·¡¢¡¶·ÉÓ¥¡·¡£ÏÄÄ©£¬»¼ÑÏÖصĸßѪѹºÍÂýÐÔÉöÑ×£¬×¡Ò½Ôº°ëÄê¡£ 1943Äê ´ºÄ©ÔÚÖØÇì¾Ù°ì»­Õ¹£¬Õ¹³öÀúÄê´´×÷µÄÖйú»­¡¢ÓÍ»­µÄ´ú±í×÷¼°ËØÃè×÷Æ·; ºóÖØÇìÅÍϪÖйúÃÀÊõѧԺ¡£Êî¼Ù£¬´øѧÉú¸°Çà³Çɽ£¬ÔÚÌìʦ¶´µÀ¹Û×÷¡¶×ÏÆø¶«À´¡·¡¢¡¶¿××Ó½²Ñ§¡·¡¢ÒÔ¡¶¶ù¸è¡·ÎªÌâµÄ¡¶É½¹í¡·¡¢¡¶¹úéä¡·£¬ÒÔ¼°¡¶¶Å¸¦Ê«Òâ¡·¡£Ð¤Ïñ»­½Ü×÷ÓС¶Áξ²ÎÄÏñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÀîӡȪÏñ¡·£¬·ç¾°»­ÓС¶ÒøÐÓÊ÷¡·¡¢¡¶Çà³Çɽ¡·¡£Öйú»­ÓС¶ÈºÊ¨¡·¡¢¡¶Ë«ÒûÂí¡·¡¢¡¶Ã·»¨¡·¡¢¡¶Ó¥Ñï¡·¡£ 1942Äê ´ÓÔÆÄϻعú£¬ÔÚÀ¥Ã÷¾ÙÐл­Õ¹£¬È«²¿ÊÕÈë¾èÏ×À;ü¡£·µÖØÇìÖÐÑëÈËѧÈν̡£¾Óɳƺ°Ó£¬¿ªÊ¼³ï±¸ÖйúÃÀÊõѧԺ¡£×÷¹ú»­¡¶¼¦×ãɽ¡·¡¢ÓÍ»­¡¶¼¦×ãɽÃí×Ö¡·¡¢¡¶Áù¿¥Í¼¡·ÔÚ¡¶È«¹úľ¿ÌÕ¹¡·Ò»ÎÄÖУ¬ÈÈÁÒÔÞÑï½â·ÅÇøµÄľ¿Ì¼Ò¡£ÏÄ£¬»Øµ½ÖØÇìÖÐÑë´óѧ¼ÌÐø´ÓʽÌѧÓë´´×÷£¬²¢ÖøÊÖ³ï°ìÖйúÃÀÊõѧԺ¡£ 1941Äê ×÷¾Þ·ù±¼Âí£¬¼ÄÍжÔ×æ¹ú·ÜÆðµÄ¿ÊÍû;

    ÔÚ°´ÀÆÓì¡¢âù±£¡¢¼ªÂ¡Æ¾ÙÐл­Õ¹£¬ÊÕÈëÈÔÈ«²¿¾èÏ××æ¹úÄÑÃñ;

    Äêµ×»Ø¹úºó£¬ÔÚÀ¥Ã÷¾Ù°ìÀ;ü»­Õ¹£¬ÒÔÂô»­È«²¿ÊÕÈëοÀÍÇ°·½¿¹ÈÕ½«Ê¿¡£ 1940Äê ´º£¬Ó¦Ó¡¶È´óÊ«ÈË.Ì©¸ê¶ûÖ®Ñû¸°Ó¡¶È¹ú¼Ê´óѧ½²Ñ§£¬²¢ÏȺóÔÚÊ¥µÙÄá¿Ë̹ºÍ¼Ó¶û¸÷´ðÁ½µØ¾Ù°ì»­Õ¹£¬Ëæºó¸°´ó¼ªÁ룬´´×÷¹ú»­¡¶ÓÞ¹«ÒÆɽ¡·£»

    Äêµ×Ôٴθ°Ð¼ÓÆ£¬ÒîÄêÔÚÂíÀ´Î÷ÑǵļªÂ¡Æ¡¢éÄÀÆÓì¡¢âù±£3Êоٰì³ïêâ»­Õ¹,½«ËùµÃ¾Þ¶îÊÕÈëÈ«²¿¾èÏ××æ¹ú£»

    ÔÚÓ¡¶È¹ú¼Ê´óѧºÍ¼Ó¶û¸÷´ð¾Ù´åÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹¡£Ì©¸ê¶ûÊ¢ÔÞÆä×÷ƷּȤ¸ß°ÂµÄÐÎÏó¼°ÓÐÔÏÂɵÄÏßÌõºÍÉ«²Ê¶À¾ßÃñ×å·ç¸ñ¡£ÎªÌ©¸ê¶û×÷ÓÍ»­¡¢ËØÃè¡¢ËÙдÏñ10Óà·ù£¬²¢´´×÷ÖøÃûÖйú»­¡¶Ì©¸ê¶ûÏñ¡·ºÍ¡¶ÈºÂí¡·¡£ÓÉÌ©¸ê¶û½éÉÜ£¬ÎªÊ¥Ð۸ʵØ×÷ËÙдФÏñ¡£ÓдóÁ¿½Ü³öµÄËÙд×÷Æ·£º¡¶ºÓÅÏ¡·¡¢¡¶Ò°Ê³ÓàÐË¡·¡¢¡¶¿ÎÓà¡·¡¢¡¶×±¡·¡¢¡¶´ó¼ªÁë¡·¡¢¡¶Ï²ÂíÀ­ÑÅɽ֮ÁÖ¡·µÈ¡£¾ÓϲÂíÀ­ÑÅɽ´ó¼ªÁ룬ÓÃÓÍ»­¡¢Ë®Ä«¾¡ÇéÃè»æÐÛΰ׳¹ÛµÄȺɽ¡£ÔÚ´ó¼ªÁëÍê³ÉÆøÊÆ°õÂúµÄÖйú»­¾Þ×÷¡¶ÓÞ¹«ÒÆɽ¡·£¬ÔÚÃñ×åÉúËÀ´æÍöµÄʱ¿Ì£¬ÒÔÓÞ¹«¼áÈͲ»°ÎµÄ¾«Éñ¹ÄÎèÈËÃñ.ÀëÓ¡Ç°£¬Îª¡¶Ì©¸ê¶û»­¼¯¡·Ñ¡»­.

    1939Äê ¸°Ð¼ÓƾÙÐÐÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹£¬½«Âô»­ÊÕÈëÈ«²¿¾èÏ××æ¹úÔÖÃñ¡£ÒÔÖøÃû½ÖÍ·¾çΪÌâ²Ä£¬´´×÷ÓÍ»­¡¶·ÅÏÂÄãµÄ±Þ×Ó¡·¡£ 1938Äê ÊîÆÚ£¬Ö÷³Ö¹ãÎ÷È«Ê¡ÖÐѧÃÀÊõ½Ìʦ½²Ï°°à¡£×÷¡¶Å£Ô¡¡·¡¢¡¶¹âÑÒ¡·¡¢¡¶¸ºÉË֮ʨ¡·¡¢¡¶Ïó±Çɽ¡·£»

    µ½Äêµ×Ïã¸Û¾Ù°ì¸öÈË»­Õ¹,È»ºó¸°Ð¼Óƾٰì³ïêâ»­Õ¹,Ðû´«¿¹ÈÕ¾ÈÍö£¬²¢½«ËùÂôÈ«²¿»­¿î¾èÏ׸ø×æ¹úÒԾȼÃÄÑÃñ¡£

    1938Äê ׫д¡¶ÖйúÃÀÊõµÄÎÊÌâÓëÇ°Õ°¡·Êé¸å¡£ 1937Äê ´º¸°³¤É³¡¢¹ãÖÝ¡¢Ïã¸Û¾Ù°ì¸öÈË»­Õ¹£¬10Ô»ص½ÖØÇìÖÐÑë´óѧ¼ÌÐøÈν̡£Í¬Äê´´×÷Á˹ú»­¡¶°Í֮ƶ¸¾¡·¡¢¡¶°ÍÈ˼³Ë®¡·µÈ;

    ÔÚÏã¸Û¡¢¹ãÖÝ¡¢³¤É³¾ÙÐÐÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹¡£´ÓÏã¸ÛһλµÂ¼®·òÈËÊÖÖйº»ØÖйúÈËÎï»­¹å±¦¡¶°ËÊ®ÆßÉñÏÉ¾í¡·¡£ÔÚ¹ðÁÖ´´×÷ÁË´óдÒâɽˮ¡¶Àì½­´ºÓê¡·ºÍÏòÍù¹âÃ÷µÄÖйú»­¡¶·çÓ꼦Ãù¡·¡£ËæÖÐÑë´óѧ¹ýÖØÇ죬×÷±íÏÖÈËÃñ¼²¿àµÄ¡¶°ÍÈ˼³Ë®¡·¡¢¡¶°Í֮ƶ¸¾¡·¡£ 1936Äê ¶¬µ½¹ðÁÖ×÷»­£¬²¢¿ªÊ¼´´°ìÃÀÊõ¹Ý£¬ÏȺó´´×÷ÁË¡¶³¿Çú¡·¡¢¡¶Äæ·ç¡·¡¢¡¶×³ÁÒÖ®»ØÒä¡·¡¢¡¶·çÓ꼦Ãù¡·¡¢¡¶Àì½­´ºÓê¡·µÈ¹ú»­×÷Æ·;

    ÀëÄϾ©£¬ÔÙ¸°¹ãÎ÷¡£¾Ó¹ðÁÖ¡¢ÑôË·£¬·ÅÖÛÓÚº£½­Ö®ÉÏ¡£×÷¾ßÓÐÇ¿ÁÒʱ´ú¸ÐÇéµÄ¡¶Äæ·ç¡·£¬ÒÔ¼°ÏòÍùºÍÓÚÄþ¾²Éú»îµÄ¡¶Ñ©¾°¡·¡¢¡¶ÄÁͯºÍÅ£¡·¡¢¡¶´å¸è¡·¡£ 1935Äê ´øѧÉúÈ¥»ÆɽдÉú£¬×÷ÓÍ»­¡¶²Êϼ¡·¡¢¡¶»Æɽ¡·¡£¸°¹ãÎ÷£¬×÷¹ú»­¡¶Àì½­Ò°¶É¡·¡¢¡¶ÓãÓ¥¡·¡¢¡¶Ä«Öí¡·¡¢¡¶èæÀÆÊ÷¡·¡¢¡¶»¢ÓëÍá·¡£´Ù³ÉÔÚÄϾ©ºÍÉϺ£µÄËÕÁª°æ»­Õ¹£¬²¢ÎªÕ¹ÀÀ׫дÐòÑÔ¡£ 1934Äê Ó¦µÂ¹ú°ØÁÖÃÀÊõ»áÑûÇ룬µ½°ØÁֺͷ¨À¼¿Ë¸£¾ÙÐÐÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹£¬»ñ¾Þ´ó³É¹¦¡£50¶à¼Ò±¨Ö½ÔÓÖ¾·¢±íÁËÔÞÓþÎÄÕ¡£

    ¾­Ï£À°¸°ËÕÁª¡£Í¾ÖУ¬ÓÎÑŵä°Íµ×¡ÉñÃíÒż££¬ÎªÆ½Éú¿ìÊ¡£

    5ÔÂÖÁ7Ô£¬ÔÚĪ˹¿ÆºÍÁÐÄþ¸ñÀÕ¾ÙÐÐÖйú½ü´ú»­Õ¹£¬Ê¢¿ö¿ÕÇ°¡£³ÉΪ"ÔÚËÕÁª¾ÙÐеÄ×î³É¹¦µÄÍâ¹úÕ¹ÀÀ"¡£Ð챯ºèµÄ¡¶Áù³¯ÈËÊ«Òâ¡·´óÊܹÛÖÚϲ°®¡£ÓëËÕÁªÖøÃûÒÕÊõ¼Ò½»»»ÁË×÷Æ·¡£»Ø¹ú£¬×÷¡¶ÐÂÉúÃü»îÔ¾ÆðÀ´¡·¡£

    Ð챯ºèÔÚËÕÁªÁÐÄþ¸ñÀվٰ졶Öйú»æ»­Õ¹¡· 1933Äê Íê³ÉÈ¡²Ä¡¶Êé¾­¡·µÄ´ó·ùÓÍÊ顶?ÐÎÒºó¡·£¬±íÏÖ±»Ñ¹ÆÈÈËÃñ¿ÊÇóµÃµ½½â¾ÈµÄÆÈÇÐÐÄÇ顣ΪÌá¸ßÖйú»æ»­µÄ¹ú¼ÊµØ룬×÷¸°Å·Ðû´«ÖйúÒÕÊõµÄ³ï±¸¹¤×÷¡£ Ð챯ºè¸°Å·ÖÞ£¬¾Ù°ì½ü´úÖйú»­Õ¹ºÍËû¸öÈ˵Ä×÷Æ·Õ¹ÀÀ£¬Ê¹Öйú»æ»­ÔÚÅ·ÖÞ²úÉúÁ˾޴óÓ°Ïì;

    1ÔÂÖÁ1934Äê8Ô£¬ÊÜÅ·ÖÞÖî¹úÖ®Ñû£¬ÏȺ󸰷¨¹ú¡¢±ÈÀûʱ¡¢Òâ´óÀû¡¢µÂ¹ú¼°ËÕÁª¾Ù°ìÖйúÃÀÊõÕ¹ÀÀºÍ¸öÈË»­Õ¹£¬ºä¶¯¹ú¼Ê»­Ì³¡£»Ø¹úºó¼ÌÐø³«µ¼ÏÖʵÖ÷ÒåÃÀÊõ£¬Ïò¹úÄÚ½éÉܶí¹úѲ»ØÕ¹ÀÀ»­ÅÉ£¬²¢Í¶ÉíÓÚ¿¹ÈÕ¾ÈÍöÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯¡£ 1932Äê ǨÄϾ©¸µºñ¸ÚÁùºÅоӣ¬¼øÓÚµ±Ê±¹úÄÑÉîÖØ£¬Ð챯ºèÈ¡ÃûΪ¡°Î£³²¡±¡£ËûÔÚ¡¶Î£³²Ð¡¼Ç¡·Ð´µÀ£º¡°¹ÅÈËÓоӰ²Ë¼Î£Ö®Ñµ¡±£¬ÒÖÓÚÔÖÄÑÉ¥ÂÒÖ®¼Ê£¬ÎÔн³¢µ¨Ö®Ç¸ÒÍüÆäΣ£¬ÊÇÈ¡ÃûÖ®Òâ˼Ҳ¡£ 1932Äê ÓÉÄϾ©µ¤·ï½ÖǨÈ벩ºñ¸Ú6ºÅ£¬È¡Ãû"Σ³²"£¬ÒÔ¾­Ê¯Óø×Ö¼¯Áª"¶À³ÖÆ«¼û£¬Ò»Òâ¹ÂÐÐ"ÐüÓÚ»­ÊÒ¡£

    ×÷¡¶ÐÛ¼¦Ò»ÉùÌìÏ°ס·¡¢¡¶³ÁÒ÷¡·ÓëÑÕÎĘžÙÐÐÁªºÏ»­Õ¹¡£

    ±à¡¶»­·¶¡·£¬ÒÔÖÐÍâÃÀÊõ¼Ñ×÷¹©½Ìѧ²Î¿¼½è¼ø¡£²¢×«Ð´¡¶ÐÂÆß·¨¡·£º£¨Ò»£©Î»ÖõÃÒË£¬£¨¶þ£©±ÈÀý׼ȷ£¬£¨Èý£©ºÚ°×·ÖÃ÷£¬£¨ËÄ£©¶¯×÷»ò×Ë̬ÌìÈ»£¬£¨Î壩ÇáÖغÍг£¬£¨Áù£©ÐÔ¸ñ±ÏÏÖ£¬£¨Æߣ©´«Éñ°¢¶Â¡£ 1931Äê ÔÚ·¨¹úÀï°ººÍ±ÈÀûʱ²¼Â³Èû¶û¾ÙÐÐÐ챯ºè»­Õ¹¡£Íê³É´ó·ùÖйú»­¡¶¾Å·½¸Þ¡·£¬ÒÔÊãд·¢¾òÈ˲ŵĿÊÍû¡£µ½Ìì½òÄÏ¿ª´óѧ½²Ñ§¡£·Ã½Ü³öµÄÃñ¼äÒÕÈË--Ìì½òÄàÈËÕźÍÄϲý·¶Õñ»ª¡£×«ÎÄ¡¶¶ÔÄàÈËÕŸÐÑÔ¡·£¬Ê¢ÔÞÆä¸ß³¬µÄ¼¼ÒÕ£¬ÈÏΪËûÃǾù¿ÉÓëÊÀ½çÖøÃûµÄÒÕÊõ´óʦÏàÌá²¢ÂÛ¡£ 1930Äê ¾­¹ýÁ½ÄêµÄ¹¤×÷£¬Íê³ÉÓÍ»­Á¦×÷¡¶ÌïºáÎå°ÙÊ¿¡·£¬¸èËÌ"¸»¹ó²»ÄÜÒù£¬ÍþÎä²»ÄÜÇü"µÄ¸ß·çÁÁ½Ú;

    ÒîÄêÍê³ÉÖйú»­¡¶¾Å·½¸Þ¡·ÔÚ¡¶Á¼ÓÑ¡·ÔÓÖ¾ÉÏ·¢±í¡¶±¯ºè×ÔÊö¡·£¬ÒÔ×Ô¼ºµÄ¿²¿À¾­Àú¹ÄÎèÓÐÖ¾ÇàÄê¡£

    1929Äê 9Ô£¬ÓɲÌÔªÅàÍƼö£¬ÊÜƸµ£Èα±¾©´óѧÒÕÊõѧԺԺ³¤£¬ÌᳫÖйú»­µÄ¸ïУ¬·´¶Ô±£ÊØÖ÷Ò壬ÔøÇ××԰ݷò¢Æ¸Çë»­¼ÒÆë°×ʯ³öÈθÃÔº½ÌÊÚ;

    ÔÚ±±Æ½ÒÕÊõѧԺŬÁ¦½øÐÐÒÕÊõ½ÌѧµÄ¸ïУ¬Æ¸Æë°×ʯÈθÃÔº½ÌÊÚ£¬µ«Ôâµ½±£ÊØÊÆÁ¦µÄÖØÖØ×èÄÓ¡£×÷ÖÐͬ»­¡¶Áù³¯ÈËÊ«Òâ¡·ÔÚÃÀÕ¹»ã¿¯ÉÏ·¢±íÎÄÕ£¬ÍƳçºÍÐû´«ÏÖʵÖ÷ÒåÒÕÊõ¡£Ó¦Ö¿ÓÑËÕÖÝÃÀרУ³¤¡¢ÖøÃûÓÍ»­¼ÒÑÕÎÄÆåÑûÇ룬ǰÍù½²Ñ§¡£ 1928Äê Ð챯ºèÓëÌﺺ¡¢Å·ÑôÓèÙ»µÈÈËÔÚÉϺ£´´°ì¡°ÄϹúÒÕÊõѧԺ¡±£¬Ð챯ºèÈθÃÔºµÄÃÀÊõϵÖ÷ÈΡ£ ¸ÃÄ꣬Ð챯ºèËÍÑ¡µÄ9·ù×÷Æ·È«²¿ÈËÑ¡·¨¹ú¹ú¼ÒÃÀÕ¹£¬ÒÔ¾«Õ¿µÄ¼¼ÇɺͶÀÌصĶ«·½ÔÏζ»ñ¾Þ´ó³É¹¦£¬ÏíÓþ·¨¹ú»­Ì³¡£

    ´øן´ÐËÖйú»æ»­µÄ¾öÐÄ£¬Ð챯ºè»Øµ½¾Ã±ðµÄ×æ¹ú£¬¾ÓÉϺ£Ï¼·É·»¡£²ÎÓë´´°ìÄϹúÒÕÊõѧԺ£¬ÒÔÅàÑø"ÄÜÓëʱ´ú¹²Í´Ñ÷£¬¶øÓÖÓж¨¼ûʵѧµÄÒÕÊõÔ˶¯È˲ģ¬ÒÔΪÐÂʱ´úÖ®ÏÈÇý¡£

    ¾ÓÄϾ©µ¤·ï½Ö£¬ÃûÆä¾ÓΪ"Ó¦ÎãÓ¹ÒéÕ«"¡£

    ÈÎÄϹúÒÕÊõѧԺÃÀÊõϵÖ÷ÈκÍÄϾ©ÖÐÑë´óѧÒÕÊõϵ½ÌÊÚ¡£¿ªÊ¼´´×÷È¡²Ä¡¶Ê·¼Ç¡·µÄ´ó·ùÓÍ»­¡¶ÌïºáÎå°ÙÊ¿¡·

    Êî¼Ù£¬¸°¸£ÖÝ×÷ÓÍ»­¡¶²Ì¹«Ê±±»ÄÑÁô¡·¡£

    ÔÚÉϺ££¬ÓëÈβ®Äê֮ŮÈÎÓ껪ºóÈËÁéÖÓÐܹý´ÓÆÄÃÜ£¬ÎâÖÙÐܽ«²®Ä길ŮÒÅ×÷δװæ»ÕßÊý10·ùÔùÓëÐ챯ºè£¬ÎªÐ챯ºèÉúƽ×î¿ìÒâÊÂÖ®Ò»¡£

    Äêµ×£¬¸°±±Æ½µ£Èα±Æ½ÒÕÊõѧԺԺ³¤¡£

    1927Äê 1927Äê ¸°ÈðÊ¿ÐÀÉͺɶû°ÝÒòºÍ²ª¿ËÁÖÖ®×÷£¬ÓÈϲºÉ¶û°ÝÒòÈڻᰲ¸ñ¶ûÓ붪ÀÕÖ®³¤¡£ÔÚÈðÊ¿ÓÖר¸°ËÕÀèÊÀ£¬¹Û¿´À³ÒðºÓ×ó°¶Ó¡ÏóÅÉ´ú±í»ôµÂÀÕÖ®×÷¡£±éÓÎÒâ´óÀûÃû³Ç¡£Ôڴ·ÒÆ桶×îºóµÄÍí²Í¡·¡¢À­ì³¶û¡¶ÑŵäÅÉ¡·¡¢²¨µÙÇÐÀûµÄ¾Þ·ù±Ú»­¡¢Ã׿ªÀÊ»ùÂÞµÄÎ÷˹͢Ì춥»­¡¢ÌáÏãµÄ¡¶Ê¥Ä¸ÉýÌì¡·Ç°³¤¾ÃÅÇ»²£¬²»ÈÌÀëÈ¥;

    ¹é¹úºó£¬Ð챯ºè·ÜÁ¦Í¶ÉíÃÀÊõ´´×÷ºÍÃÀÊõ½ÌÓý¹¤×÷µ±ÖУ¬ÊÜÌﺺ֮Ñû³öÈÎÉϺ£ÄϹúÒÕÊõѧԺÃÀÊõϵÖ÷ÈΣ¬Í¬Ê±ÊÜƸΪÖÐÑë´óѧÒÕÊõϵ½ÌÊÚ£¬ÔÚ½ÌѧÓë´´×÷ÖУ¬ÌᳫдʵÖ÷Ò壬Åê»÷ÐÎʽÖ÷Òå¡£ 1926Äê ´º£¬Îª¿µÓÐΪ¡¢»ÆÕð֮дÏñ¡£ÔÚLº£Õ¹³öÀúÄêËù×÷£¬ÒýÆðÎÄ»¯½ç¼«´ó¹Ø×¢¡£¿µÓÐΪ³ÆÔÞÐ챯ºè×÷Æ·£º"¾«ÉÃÒþÐãÐÛÆ棬¶À²½Öйú£¬ÎÞÒÔΪż¡£"»Ø¹ú3¸öÔºó£¬ÖØ·µÅ·ÖÞ£¬ÒÔÉîÈë¶ÔÓÚÈ«Å·ÒÕÊõµÄÑо¿¡£Ïȸ°±ÈÀûʱ²¼Â³Èû¶ûÁÙÄ¡Ô¼¶ûµ¤µÄ×÷Æ·£¬ÓÖ¸°°²ÌØÎÀÆÕ¹Û¬±¾Ë¹½Ü×÷£¬¾ªÆäÌì²ÅÖ®´ó¡£ÓÈϲâÐ˲©Îï¹Ý¡¶Ï£À°ÈËÕ½°¢ÂíÈÖÅ®ÆïÊ¿¡·µÄ±¼ÌÚ»îÔ¾£¬ÃîÀö¶¯ÈË¡£ 1925Äê ¸°Ð¼ÓÆ£¬ÎªÇÈÁì³Â¼Î¸ý¼°´´°ìµÄÏÃÃÅ´óѧ×÷»­¡£ ¶¬¾¡£¬»Øµ½Öйú¡£ 1924Äê ΪÖÐͬÁìÊÂÕÔËÌÄÏ·òÈËдÏñ£¬´ÓÈݲ»ÆÈ£¬Á¦Çó¼òÔ¼£¬ÔìÐÍÉèÉ«µÃÐÄÓ¦ÊÖ£¬ÒÑÐØÓгÉÖñµØÔ¤¼û»­ÍêʱµÄּȤ¡£¿àѧ5ÄêÒѼû˶¹û¡£ÓмÑ×÷¡¶¸§Ã¨ÈËÏñ¡·¡¢¡¶ÏôÉù¡·¡¢¡¶Âí·òºÍÂí¡·¡¢¡¶Ô¶ÎÅ¡·¡£ 1923Äê ·µ°ÍÀ裬¼ÌÐøÔÚ°ÍÀè»ØÁ¢¸ßµÈÃÀÊõѧУѧϰ¡£²¢ÔÚ´ïÑöÖ¸µ¼Ï¾«ÑÐËØÃ裬ÔÚÃÉ°ÍÄÉ˹»­Ôº»­ÁË´óÁ¿µÄÈËÌåÏ°×÷¡£¶ÔÓÍ»­ÈËÌ壬Ôò×÷·Ö²¿ÈÏÕæ¿Ì»®ºÍ·¢»ÓĬдÄÜÁ¦¡£ÒÔÓÍ»­¡¶Àϸ¾¡·µÚÒ»´ÎÈËÑ¡·¨¹ú¹ú¼ÒÃÀÕ¹¡£ 1922Äê Ð챯ºè¸Ðµ½ÔÚ·¨Ëù¼ûËä¹ã£¬ÈÔÓоÖÏÞ¡£¶ªÀÕ¡¢ºÉ¶û°ÝÒò¡¢ÃŲɶû¡¢Èû¸ÔµÙÄá½ÔÁîËûÔÞ̾²»ÒÑ¡£ËûÿÌì×÷»­Ê®¼¸Ð¡Ê±£¬ÔÚ²©Îï¹ÝÁÙÄ¡ÁËÂײªÀʵÄ×÷Æ·£¬²¢µ½°ØÁÖ¶¯Îïͬ»­ÁËÐí¶àÃÍÊÞ¡£ 1921Äê ÏÄ£¬¸°µÂ¹ú·ÃÎÊ°ØÁÖÃÀÊõѧԺ£¬²¢ÏȺóÈ¥Ó¢¹ú¡¢±ÈÀûʱ¡¢ÈðÊ¿¡¢Òâ´óÀûµÈ¹ú,²Î¹Û¸÷´ó²©Îï¹Ý¡¢ÃÀÊõ¹ÝºÍÃÀÊõÒÅÖ·£¬Ï¤ÐĹÛĦºÍÑо¿Àú´úÒÕÊõ½Ü×÷,²¢ÁÙÄ¡E.µÂÀ­¿ËÂåÍß¡¢P.-P.ÆÕÂÀ¶«¡¢ÂײªÀʵȴóʦµÄ×÷Æ·¡£Àú¾­8Äê¿à¶Á£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÔÅ·ÖÞÒÕÊõÈç¼¢ËƿʵØ˱Îü£¬È¡µÃÁË׿ԽµÄÒÕÊõÔìÒè;

    Ð챯ºèÒòÕûÌì²Î¹Û·¨¹ú¹ú¼ÒÃÀÕ¹£¬Á÷Á¬Íü·µ£¬±Õ¹Ýʱ²ÅÖªÌì½µ´óÑ©¡£Ëû¼¢º®½»ÆÈ£¬µÃÁËÑÏÖصij¦¾·Âβ¡¡£ÔÚµ±Ê±ÁôϵÄËØÃèÉÏ£¬ËûдµÀ£º"ÈËÀÀÔÙ»­£¬ÑÉÖªÎá֮Ϊ´Ë£¬Ã¿ÖÁÍ´²»Ö§Ò²¡£¹úÄÚÕþ¾Ö¶¯µ´£¬¶Ï¾øѧ·Ñ¡£Ð챯ºè¸°°ØÁÖ£¬¾Ó¿µµÂ·»­ÊÒ£¬ÎÊѧÓÚ°ØÁÖÃÀÊõѧԺԺ³¤¿µÆÕ¡£ 1920Äê ¶¬£¬¾­·¨¹ú´óµñËܼÒÌÆÆÃÌؽéÉÜ£¬Ð챯ºè°ÝC•¿ÂÂÞµÄѧÉú¡¢·¨¹ú¹ú¼Ò»­»áÁìÐä´ïÑöΪʦ¡£Ê¶·¨Íø´ó»­¼Ò´ïÑö¡£´ïÑöÔçÄêѧÓÚ19ÊÀ¼Í´óʦ¿ÂÂÞÖ®ÃÅ£¬ºóÀ´³ÉΪ·¨¹ú¹ú¼Ò»­»áµÄÁìÐäÖ®Ò»¡£ËûÓÈÉÃÃè»æ²¼ÁÐËþÄáÓæÃñºÍÅ©ÃñµÄÉú»î£¬Æ䡶ף¸£µÄÃæ°ü¡·¡¢¡¶×³¶¡¡·¡¢¡¶ÒûÂí¡·µÈ»­ÔçʹÐ챯ºèÇãÐIJ»ÒÑ¡£´Ó´Ë£¬Ð챯ºèÿÐÇÆڴ󶼳Ö×÷Æ·µ½Ï£»ù·65ºÅ´ïÑö»­ÊÒÇó½Ì£¬²¢²Î¼Ó¸ÃÅÉ»­¼ÒÔڸô¦µÄ²è»á£¬ÔÚÓë÷Äá°£¡¢±¶ÄѶûµÈµÄ½»Ì¸ÖÐÊܵ½¼«´ó½ÌÒæ¡£ 1919Äê ÔÚ²ÌÔªÅà¡¢¸µÔöÏæµÄ°ïÖúÏ£¬Ð챯ºèµÃ¸°·¨ÁôѧµÄ¹«·Ñ¡£´¬µ½Ó¢¹ú£¬ËûÔÚ´óÓ¢²©ÎïÔº¾ªÌ¾Ï£À°°Íµ×¡ÉñÃí²Ð¿¯µÄ¾«ÃÀ»ªÃî¡£ 10ÔÂ5ÈÕ£¬µ½´ï°ÍÀ裬¾ÓË÷Ä·À­¶û·7ºÅ¡£Ïȵ½¸÷´óÃÀÊõ¹ÝÑо¿Î÷·½ÒÕÊõÖ®³¤£¬È»ºóÈËÐìÁº»­ÔºÑ§Ï°ËØÃèÁ½Ô£¬ÓÖ¿¼Èë°ÍÀè¹úÁ¢¸ßµÈÃÀÊõѧУ£¬È븥À­Ã¢¸ñ»­ÊÒ¡£¿ÎÓ࣬Ôòµ½³ÂÁйŽñÒÕÊõ¹å±¦µÄ¬¸¡¹¬ºÍ¬ɭ±¤ÃÀÊõ¹ÝÁÙ»­ºÍ±È½Ï¸÷ÅÉÒìͬ¡£¹Å´ú´óʦÖÐ×îϲÌáÏãºÍÀﱶÀ­£¬½ü´ú´óʦÖÐÔòϲ¿â¶ûÈÕ¡¢Ã×À³¡¢µÂÀ­¿ËÂÞÍß¡¢°ÍÀï¡£ 3Ô£¬Ð챯ºè»³×ÅÏòÎ÷·½Ñ§Ï°¿ÆѧºÍÃñÖ÷£¬ÒÔ¸´ÐËÖйúÃÀÊõΪ¼ºÈεľöÐÄ£¬´ÓÉϺ£³Ë´¬¸°·¨¹úÁôѧ£¬Ð챯ºèµ½´ï°ÍÀ裬Ëæºó¿¼Èë¹úÁ¢°ÍÀè¸ßµÈÃÀÊõѧУ£¬ÒÔ¸¥À­ÃÏ¡¢¸ß¶ûÃÉΪʦ¡£ 1918Äê Ð챯ºè±»Æ¸Îª±±¾©´óѧ»­·¨Ñо¿»áµ¼Ê¦¡£ 1918Äê ¸°±±¾©£¬ÒÔ³äÂúÉúÆø¡¢Á¦Í¼±ä·¨µÄ×÷Ʒո¶ͷ½Ç£¬±»²ÌÔªÅàƸΪ±±¾©´óѧ»­·¨Ñо¿»áµ¼Ê¦£¬»ý¼«Í¶Éí"¹¤Í¬"ǰϦµÄÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯¡£ËûÔÚ»­·¨Ñо¿»á¿ªÑ§µäÀñÉÏÌᳫÎüÊÕÎ÷Ñó»æ»­Ö®³¤£¬´´Ôìеķç¸ñ£¬²¢Îª¡¶»æѧÔÓÖ¾¡·×«ÎÄ£¬Ö¸³öÖйú»æ»­ÔÚ¸Ãʱ´úµÄ³Â¸¯ÍÇ°Ü£¬ºÅÕÙ»­Ì³ÓÐ־֮ʮ·ÜÆð¸ïС£ËûÔÚ¡¶Öйú»­¸ÄÁ¼ÂÛ¡·»¹Ã÷È·Ìá³ö£º"¹Å·¨Ö®¼ÑÕßÊØÖ®£¬´¹¾øÕß¼ÌÖ®£¬²»¼ÑÕ߸ÄÖ®£¬Î´×ãÕßÔöÖ®£¬Î÷·½»æ»­Ö®¿É²ÉÕßÈÚÖ®"£¬³ÉΪÖйú»­¼ÒÖиïÐÂÅɵĴú±í¡£ 1917Äê Ð챯ºè¶«¶ÉÈÕ±¾£¬ÑÐÏ°ÈÕ±¾»æ»­Ê±£¬¿µÓÐΪΪÔù×ÖËÍÐС£ 1917Äê µÃÃ÷ÖÇ´óѧ¸å³ê£¬¶«¶ÉÈÕ±¾ÑÐÏ°ÃÀÊõ¡£¿µÓÐΪÔùºá·ùÌâ¶î¡¶Ð´ÉúÈËÉñ¡·ÎªËûËÍÐУ¬ÅÔעС×Ö£º"±¯ºèÈʵÜÓÚ»­Ìì²ÅÒ²¡£Ð챯ºè±¥ÀÀÈÕ±¾ÃÀÊõ²ØÆ·£¬µ³ÈÕ±¾»¨Äñ»­¼ÒÄÜÍѳö¾ÉÏ°£¬µ«ÉÐÉÙÔÏζ¡£ÓÖ½áʶÈÕ±¾ÖøÃûÊé»­¼Ò¡¢ÊղؼÒÖд岻ÕÛ£¬µÃ¼ûÖйúÁ÷ʧµÄÐí¶àÕä¹ó±®Ìû¡£Öд岻ÕÛ½«ËûËùÒëµÄ¼Û"¡¶¹ãÖÛË«¼­¡·ÍÐÐ챯ºèת½»¿µÓÐΪ¡£ 1916Äê ¿¼ÈËÕ𵩴óѧ¹¥¶Á·¨ÎÄ£¬¿ÎÓàÄËÇÚ·Ü×÷»­;

    3Ô£¬¹þͬ»¨Ô°½¨Á¢Ã÷ÖÇ´óѧ£¬Õ÷Çó²Öò¡»­Ïñ¡£Ð챯ºèÒÔ¾Þ·ùË®²Ê²Öò¡ÏñÖÐÑ¡£¬±»Ã÷ÖÇ´óѧƸÇë×÷»­ºÍ½²Ñ§£¬Òò´ËµÃʶ¿µÓÐÁ¦µÈÖøÃûѧÕß;

    ¿µÓÐΪÊÓÐ챯ºèΪÒÕÔ·Ææ²Å£¬ÇëËûΪ×Ô¼º¡¢ÍöÆÞºÎÇ°Àí¼°ÅóÓÑÃÇ»­Ð¤Ïñ£¬¾¡³öËù²Ø±®Ìû¹©Ëû¹ÛÀÀ£¬¾®Ò»Ò»½²½â¡£Ð챯ºèÒÔ¿µÓÐΪΪʦ£¬ÔÚÆäÖ¸µ¼ÏÂ×·ÁÙÃû±®£¬ÒòµÃ³ç±®ÅÉÕæË裬¹ãÎŲ©¼û£¬ÊéÒÕ¾«½ø;

    Ð챯ºèÈëÉϺ£Õ𵩴óѧ·¨ÎÄϵ°ë¹¤°ë¶Á£¬¿ÎÓà¿àÐÞËØÃè¡£ÊîÆÚӦƸµ½Ã÷ÖÇ´óѧ×÷»­£¬½áʶÁËÖøÃûѧÕß¿µÓÐΪ¡¢Íõ¹úάµÈÈË

    ÒîÄê5Ô£¬Ð챯ºèÄõ½ÁËÃ÷ÖÇ´óѧµÄÒ»±Ê¸å·Ñ£¬,¸°ÈÕ±¾Ñ§Ï°ÃÀÊõ£¬Äêµ×»Ø¹ú;

    ÕâÄê12Ô£¬Ð챯ºè±±ÉÏ£¬±»±±¾©´óѧƸΪ»­·¨Ñо¿»áµ¼Ê¦£¬ÊÜÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯Ó°Ïì,½ÓÊÜÃñÖ÷Óë¿Æѧ˼Ï룬³ÉΪÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯ÔÚÃÀÊõ·½ÃæµÄÖ÷Òª´ú±íÖ®Ò»¡£µ±Ê±Ëû¾ÍÃ÷È·Ìá³ö¡°¹Å·¨Ö®¼ÑÕßÊØÖ®£¬´¹¾øÕß¼ÌÖ®£¬²»¼ÑÕ߸ÄÖ®£¬Î´×ãÕßÔöÖ®£¬Î÷·½»­Ö®¿É²ÉÈëÕßÈÚÖ®¡±¡£ 1915Äê ÔÙ¸°ÉϺ££¬ÒÔ»­²åͼºÍ¹ã¸æά³ÖÉú»î£¬²¢¿ªÊ¼Âô»­¡£×÷Æ·¡¶Âí¡·µÃµ½¸ß½£¸¸¡¢¸ßÆæ·åÐֵܵÄÔÞÉÍ£¬ÈÏΪ"Ëä¹ÅÖ®º«ŽÖ£¬ÎÞÒÔ¹ýÒ²"¡£¸Ã»­ÓÉÉϺ£ÉóÃÀÊé¹ÝÓ¡³ö£¬ÎªÐ챯ºè·¢±íµÄµÚÒ»ÕÅ»­¡£ 1914Äê ¸¸Ç×È¥ÊÀ¡£Ïò¸¸Ç×Ö¿ÓÑÌÕ÷ëÊé½èÇ®ÂñÔáÁ˸¸Ç×Ö®ºó£¬Ð챯ºè¾ö¶¨È¥ÉϺ£Ñ°ÕÒ°ëÁË°ë¶ÁµÄ»ú»á¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚÕÒ²»µ½ÁË×÷£¬ËûÖ»µÃ·µ»ØÒËÐË¡£ 1912Äê ÓÉÓÚ¸¸Ç׸IJ¡¶ø·µ»Ø¹ÊÏç¡£Ð챯ºèÒѳÉΪÒËÐËÖªÃû»­¼Ò£¬ÔÚÒËÐËÅ®×Óʦ·¶Ñ§Ð£¡¢Åí³ÇÖÐѧ¡¢Ê¼ÆëСѧÈýУÈÎÃÀÊõ½Ìʦ¡£ 1908Äê ÓÉÓÚÒËÐËÁ¬ÄêË®ÔÖ£¬Ð챯ºèÓ븸Ç׸°ÁÚ½ü¸÷ÏØ£¬»­ôáë¡¢»¨»Ü¡¢É½Ë®¡¢ÈËÏñ£¬¿ÌͼÕ£¬Ð´´ºÁª£¬¿ªÊ¼ÁËÁ÷ÀËÎÄÒÕµÄÉúÑÄ£¬Ñø³ÉÁ˱ʲ»ÀëÊÖµÄÏ°¹ß¡£ 1905Äê Ð챯ºè10Ë꣬Ë游³ËÖÛ¸°±£Ñô¡£Ëû¼´¾°³ÉÊ«£º"´ºË®ÂÌÃÖÂþ£¬´ºÉ½ÐãÉ«º¬£¬Ò»·«·çÐźã¬ÖÛ¹ýÍòÖØÂÍ¡£" 1904Äê Ð챯ºè9Ë꣬¶ÁÍ꡶ËÄÊé¡·¡¢¡¶Ê«¡·¡¢¡¶Êé¡·¡¢¡¶Òס·¡¢¡¶Àñ¡·¡¢¡¶×ó´«¡·£¬¿ªÊ¼Ë游ѧ»­¡£Ã¿Èտξ¹£¬±ãÁÙÄ¡Ò»·ùÎâÓÑÈçµÄ½ç»­»òÈËÎï»­¡£ÎâÓÑÈçÊÇÇåÄ©×î½Ü³öµÄʱʲåͼ»­¼Ò£¬ËûµÄ¡¶µãʯի»­±¨¡·³ÉΪÁËÐ챯ºèµÄÆôÃɽ̲ġ£¸¸Ç×»¹½ÌËû×÷ÈËÎïдÉú£¬»­µÜÃü°ÁÚÈËФÏñ¡£Ò»´Î£¬Ðì´ïÕÂÍâ³ö¹éÀ´£¬ÎʺÎÈËÀ´¹ý£¬Ð챯ºè½«À´¿ÍФÏñĬ»­ÔÚÕÆÐÄ£¬Ê¹¸¸Ç×һĿÁËÈ»£¬±íÏÖ³ö²¶×½ÈËÎïÌØÕ÷µÄ·Ç·²²ÅÄÜ¡£ 1901Äê Ð챯ºè6Ë꣬¿ªÊ¼Ë游¶ÁÊéÏ°×Ö£¬±ãÏëѧ»­£¬¸¸Çײ»Ðí¡£Ëû±ãÇÄÇÄÃè»­ÎÝÅϺӱߵļ¦Ñ¼Ã¨È®£¬×ÔµÃÆäÀÖ¡£ 1895Äê 7ÔÂ19ÈÕ£¬Ð챯ºèÉúÓÚÌ«ºþÖ®±õµÄ½­ËÕÊ¡ÒËÐËÏØá«Í¤ÇÅ¡£

    Ð챯ºè³öÉúÔÚÒÔ¡°Ê¢²ú¡±ÎÄÈË¡¢²Å×ÓÖø³ÆµÄ½­ËÕÊ¡ÒËÐËÏØá¨Í¤ÇÅÕò¡£Æ丸Ðì´ïÕÂÊǵ±µØÖªÃû»­¼Ò£¬Ëû¾«Í¨Ê«ÎÄ¡¢Êé·¨¡¢×­¿Ì£¬ÓÈÉû滭¡£Ð챯ºè×ÔÓ×Ë游ϰʫ¡¢Êé¡¢»­¡¢Ó¡£¬´òÏÂÁËÉîºñµÄ´«Í³ÎÄ»¯»ù´¡¡£17ËêµÄÐ챯ºèÒÑÊÇÒËÐËÖªÃûµÄ»­¼Ò£¬ÔÚÒËÐËÅ®×Óʦ·¶Ñ§Ð£¡¢Åí³ÇÖÐѧ¡¢Ê¼ÆëСѧÈýУÈÎͼ»­½Ìʦ¡£

°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳

¡ò¹Ø×¢ÓëÍƼö

  • ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»á·¢²¼2017-2018Äê¶ÈÖصãÑо¿¿ÎÌâ
  • µÚÊ®½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳ÔÚÌì½ò³É¹¦¾Ù°ì
  • µÚ°Ë½ì°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳ÔÚ¸ÊËà¾ÆȪ³É¹¦¾Ù°ì
  • µÚÁù½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳ôßÈ«¹úÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Óñ²ñÏÖ³¡»áÔÚ¹ãÎ÷ÓñÁֳɹ¦¾Ù°ì
  • µÚ¶þÊ®¶þÆÚ¡°¸ß¼¶ÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ê¦¹ú¼ÒÖ°Òµ×ʸñÈÏÖ¤Åàѵ°à¡±Ô²Âú½áÊø
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

¡ò¡°µÚÊ®½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯

µÚÊ®½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳ÔÚÌì½ò³É¹¦¾Ù°ì
µÚÊ®½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳ÔÚÌì½ò³É¹¦¾Ù°ì

2017Äê4ÔÂ26ÈÕÖÁ28ÈÕ£¬ÓÉÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»áÖ÷°ì¡¢ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»áѧÊõ²¿³Ð°ì¡¢Öн»µÚÒ»º½Îñ¹¤³Ì¾ÖÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Ð­°ìµÄ¡°µÚÊ®½ìÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯°ÙÈËѧÊõÂÛ̳¡±ÔÚÌì½òÊоٰ졣À´×ÔÈ«¹ú¸÷µØµÄ260¶àλÆóÒµ´ú±íºÍר¼ÒѧÕ߲μÓÁ˱¾´ÎÂÛ̳¡£
±¾´ÎÂÛ̳¾Û½¹ ¡°¡®Ò»´øһ·¡¯½¨ÉèÖеÄÆóÒµ¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíºÍÎÄ»¯Èںϡ± Ö÷Ì⣬ÉîÈëÑо¿ÆóÒµÔÚ×ß³öÈ¥¹ý³ÌÖÐÃæÁÙµÄÎÄ»¯²îÒìÓëÎÄ»¯³åÍ»£¬ÑÐÌÖÖйúÆóÒµ¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíµÄ˼·¡¢·½·¨¡¢¾­ÑéÓë°¸Àý£¬ÎªÎÒ¹úÆóÒµ¸üºÃµØ²ÎÓë¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÌṩÎÄ»¯½¨Éè½â¾ö·½°¸¡£
ÂÛָ̳³ö£¬¼Ó¿ì¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÊÇÒ»ÏîÔ츣ÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úÈËÃñµÄΰ´óÊÂÒµ£¬¹ã´óÆóÒµÔÚ¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÖмȵ£¸º×ÅÖØÒªµÄÀúʷʹÃü£¬Ò²ÃæÁÙ×ÅÖØÒªµÄÈ«ÇòºÏ×÷»úÓö¡£Òª´óÁ¦Íƶ¯ÎÒ¹úÆóÒµ×ß³öÈ¥£¬´óÁ¦ºëÑï¡°ºÍƽºÏ×÷¡¢¿ª·Å°üÈÝ¡¢»¥Ñ§»¥¼ø¡¢»¥Àû¹²Ó®¡±µÄË¿³ñ֮·¾«Éñ£¬Éî¿ÌÈÏʶÊÀ½ç²»Í¬ÎÄÃ÷µÄ¹²ÐԺͲîÒ죬×Ô¾õ¼ÓÇ¿¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíÑо¿Óëʵ¼ù£¬ÔÚ×ðÖزîÒì¡¢°üÈݶàÑùµÄ»ù´¡ÉϼÓÇ¿ÎÄ»¯½»Á÷¡¢ÈÚºÏÓ뻥¼ø£¬ÊµÏÖÓëÑØÏß¹ú¼ÒÓëµØÇøµÄ»¥Àû¹²Ó®¡£
ÂÛ̳ÈÏΪ£¬¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÖУ¬Öйúº£ÍâÆóÒµ²»½öÊÇÖйú¾­¼Ã×éÖ¯µÄ´ú±í£¬Ò²ÊÇÖйúÎÄ»¯¡°×ß³öÈ¥¡±µÄÖØÒªÔØÌ壬Ҫͨ¹ý´òÔìÆóҵƷÅƲ»¶ÏÌáÉýÖйúÆóÒµÐÎÏóºÍ¹ú¼ÒÈíʵÁ¦¡£ÖйúÆóÒµÔÚ½ü40ÄêµÄ¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÖд´ÔìÁËÐí¶àÐÂÆ漣о­Ñ飬ÅàÓýÁËÖйúÌØÉ«µÄÆóÒµºÍÆóÒµÎÄ»¯£¬Öйú¾­Ñé²»½öÊÇÖйúµÄ£¬Ò²ÊÇÊÀ½çµÄ£¬Òª´óÁ¦´«²¥ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯£¬ÓëÑØÏ߸÷¹ú¸÷µØÇø·ÖÏíÖйúÆóÒµÀíÄî¡¢ÎÄ»¯½¨Éè¾­Ñé¡£ÒªÉî¿Ì×ܽáÆóÒµÔÚ¡°¡®Ò»´øһ·¡¯½¨ÉèÖпçÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíºÍÎÄ»¯ÈںϹ¤×÷¡±µÄ·¾¶ºÍ·½·¨£¬Ì½Ë÷ºÍ½¨Á¢¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀí¡¢ÎÄ»¯ÈںϵÄ;¾¶£¬Å¬Á¦ÒýÁìÎÒ¹úÆóÒµ×ß³öÈ¥ÒÔÏȽøÎÄ»¯ÊÊӦȫÇò»¯·¢Õ¹¸ñ¾Ö£¬¿ªÍØеÀ·¡¢´òÔìÐÂģʽ¡¢ÔÙ´´Ð»Իͣ¬Îª¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨Éè×ö³öй±Ïס£
ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»á³£Îñ¸±Àíʳ¤¡¢ÃØÊ鳤ÃÏ·²³Û½ÌÊÚ£¬Öн»Ò»º½¾Ö¸±×ܾ­ÀíºÎ¿¡·åÔÚ¿ªÄ»Ê½Ö´ǡ£¹úÎñÔº·¢Õ¹Ñо¿ÖÐÐĶÔÍâ¾­¼ÃÑо¿²¿²¿³¤ÕÔ½úƽӦÑû³öϯ»áÒé²¢½²»°¡£ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆѧԺѧ²¿Î¯Ô±¡¢ÖйúÇøÓò¾­¼Ãѧ»á»á³¤½ðíÕ½ÌÊÚ£¬ÉϺ£Íâ¹úÓï´óѧ¹ú¼Ê¹¤É̹ÜÀíѧԺԺ³¤·¶áç½ÌÊÚ£¬ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»áѧÊõ²¿Ê×ϯר¼Ò¶ÅʤÎõ£¬ÖйúÆóÒµ¸Ä¸ïÓë·¢Õ¹Ñо¿»á¸±»á³¤¡¢¡¶ÖйúÆóÒµ±¨¡·×ܱ༭Àî½õµÈר¼Ò·Ö±ð¾Í¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÖÐÎÒ¹úÆóÒµÃæÁٵĻúÓöºÍÌôÕ½¡¢¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíÓëÎÄ»¯Èںϵķ½·¨Óë·¾¶¡¢×¤ÍâÆóÒµÐÎÏó¹ÜÀíÓëÎÄ»¯´«²¥µÈÒéÌâ·¢±í¹Ûµã¡£
Öн»µÚÒ»º½Îñ¹¤³Ì¾ÖÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾µ³Î¯¸±Êé¼ÇÁõ¿¡»ª£¬½»Í¨ÒøÐйɷÝÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾µ³Î¯Ðû´«²¿²¿³¤¡¢ÆóÒµÎÄ»¯²¿×ܾ­Àí˧ʦÔÚ¿ªÄ»Ê½ÉÏ·ÖÏíÆóҵʵ¼ù°¸Àý¡£ÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»áѧÊõίԱ»á¸±Ö÷ÈÎÕÔ´º¸£½ÌÊÚ¡¢Öйú¿ÆѧԺ´óѧ¹ÜÀíѧԺ²©µ¼ÐìÑÞ÷½ÌÊÚ·Ö±ð¾Í¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíµäÐ;­Ñ鱨¸æ×öÉî¶ÈµãÆÀ²¢×öѧÊõ¹Ûµã²ûÊö¡£¿ªÄ»Ê½ÓÉÖйúÆóÒµÎÄ»¯Ñо¿»á¸±ÃØÊ鳤¡¢Ñ§Êõ²¿Ö÷ÈÎÍõ½¨Ö÷³Ö¡£
¡¡¡¡ ±¾½ìÂÛ̳»¹ÑûÇëÁËÖйúÖгµ¼¯ÍÅ¡¢Öйú¹¤ÉÌÒøÐС¢±±¾©º£ÄÉ´¨Æû³µ²¿¼þ¹É·ÝÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾¡¢Öйúº½¿Õ¹¤ÒµÄϾ©»úµç¡¢Öйú½¨ÖþµÚÁù¹¤³Ì¾ÖÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾¡¢Öгµ³¤´º¹ìµÀ¿Í³µ¡¢ÖÐʯÓͲ³º£×ê̽¡¢°°¸Ö¼¯Íŵȶà¼ÒÆóÒµ´ú±í·Ö±ð¾Í¡°Ò»´øһ·¡±½¨ÉèÖм¯ÍÅ¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíÓëÎÄ»¯ÈںϵĶ¥²ãÉè¼Æ¡¢Ò»´øһ·½¨ÉèÖÐפÍâÆóÒµ¶àÔªÎÄ»¯ÍŶӽ¨Éè¡¢Ò»´øһ·½¨ÉèÖÐפÍâÆóÒµÈ˱¾ÎÄ»¯½¨ÉèµÈרÏîÎÊÌâ·Ö±ð½øÐй㷺ÉîÈëµÄÑÐÌֺͽ»Á÷£¬Îª×ß³öÈ¥µÄÆóÒµÒÔ¼°¼´½«×ß³öÈ¥µÄÆóÒµÌṩÁËÇÐʵ¿ÉÐеľ­ÑéºÍ½è¼ø¡£